Hydrogen water bathing

Hydrogen-water bathing was administrated through skin by immersing whole body in the hydrogen-water twice a week (interval of 3 days). Each bathing took 10 to 15 minutes. Hydrogen bathing paused one week in case of menstruation in female subjects. The hydrogen-bathing machine (provided by Shanghai Yiquan Investment Limited Partnership) freshly prepared hydrogen water using nanobubble technology to dissolve hydrogen gas into pure deionized water. In briefly it contained the following process: (1) Tap-water passed through a filtration system (composed of quartz sand, activated carbon, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis membrane) and an ultraviolet disinfection unit to be deionized and disinfected. (2) Hydrogen generator electrolyzed treated tap-water into oxygen and hydrogen and then collected pure hydrogen gas. (3) Hydrogen gas was forced into micro-nano-level bubbles and the bubbles were then dissolved directly and evenly into deionized water. The freshly prepared hydrogen water had the following physical and chemical characteristics: (1) pH 6.8–7.3. (2) Temperature ranged from 38 to 42 °C (the actual temperature based on the satisfaction of patients). (3) High content of dissolved hydrogen with a concentration of 1.0 ppm (for reference, the dissolved hydrogen of tap-water is less than 0.001 ppm). (4) With an extremely negative oxidation reduction potential (ORP) of −580 mV~ −650 mV (for reference, tap water: +250 mV~ +350 mV). Each time before therapy the same equipment was used to test pH, temperature, ORP (RM-30P, DKK-TOA Corp., Japan) and hydrogen concentration (ENH-1000, Trustlex Corp., Japan) to make sure hydrogen water having the same properties.